35.3 Film/Coating Made from Agri-Food Waste

545

Nearly, 14% of the total food produced globally gets wasted during postharvest

processing stage before it reaches the retail market. According to the European Com-

mission in the directive, 2008/98/EC, the waste definition that was established in the

general food law and the waste framework directive, respectively, states that food

waste refers to food appropriate for human consumption being discarded, whether

or not after it is kept beyond its expiry date or left to spoil [13].

The plant origin components from the agricultural waste such as pomace, pulp,

and seeds applied in different food system due to their nutritional value, bioactiv-

ity, viscosity, other functional properties and, potential applications. Industrially, the

wastage/by-products of the grains contain protein isolates, concentrate and oil seed

protein and, meal which are evaluated and used for edible film production [14]. The

waste produced from the processing of shrimp has large potential as long as its use

can reduce ecological effect and increase the revenue of shrimp production [15].

In order to utilize and preserve the quality of the compounds obtained from food

waste/by-products which have different components from different mixtures, one

need to evolve with technologies which utilize extraction, refining, purification,

and so on, depending on the compound [5]. This chapter will focus on the two food

waste groups, which are considered for the recovery of film/coating compounds.

They are of agricultural and animal sea food origin. Again, they are having different

subcategories such as fruit and vegetable residue (apple, blueberry, carrot, sweet

lime, potato, banana, and so on), grain wastage (soy, corn, hazelnut, wheat, rice,

sunflower, and rapeseed), and marine wastage (crabs, fish, squids, cray fish,

shrimps, and sea urchins) which are considered as a source for edible film/coating

development [2, 6, 9].

35.3

Film/Coating Made from Agri-Food Waste

35.3.1

Biopolymers from Fruits and Vegetables Waste

The fruits, vegetables, and grain processing industries discard a large number

of by-products such as peels, stalks, seeds, oil extraction, and refining wastes

depending on the need and the processing technologies. The by-products mainly

include a high measure of hydrocarbons, proteins, and bioactive components

having antimicrobial and antioxidation performance [16]. The hydrocarbon com-

pounds are sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin [5]. Sugarcane bagasse is a

lignocellulosic material, which can be further modified into polyethylene and vinyl

chloride for styrene-based biopolymer production [17]. The fruit juice industrial

wastages mainly include pomace and the biomass rich in pectin, phytochemicals,

and dietary fibers [3]. These compounds can be valorized by utilizing as a structural

matrix in the development of edible film/coating formation.

The agri-waste is the good source of starch and can be used for the development

of edible film. Potato is the most commonly available resource. Such starches are

further modified chemically or physically to develop the biopolymer into thermally

resistant synthetic plastic polymer [17]. The films made from plant-originated

compounds may represent an inherent problem in exhibiting the poor water vapor